5 Must-Have Features in a Solvent Blue 36

Comparative Analysis of Synthetic Routes and Yield Optimization

The most prevalent synthetic strategy involves the reaction of 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone (Quinizarin) and its reduced (leuco) form with isopropylamine. This process can be broken down into three critical stages:

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Reduction of Quinizarin : The 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone is partially reduced to its leuco form. This step is crucial as it increases the reactivity of the molecule for the subsequent nucleophilic substitution.

Condensation with Isopropylamine : The leuco-quinizarin intermediate then reacts with isopropylamine. This nucleophilic substitution reaction, often catalyzed by an acid like acetic acid, results in the introduction of the isopropylamino groups at the 1 and 4 positions of the anthraquinone core.

Oxidation : The resulting molecule is oxidized to regenerate the stable anthraquinone chromophoric system, yielding the final this compound dye. This oxidation is commonly achieved by purging the reaction mixture with air.

An alternative, though less detailed in public literature, route involves the reaction of 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone with an isopropylating agent such as isopropyl bromide.

The optimization of these synthetic routes is critical for achieving high yields and purity. Industrial processes focus on manipulating reagent ratios, temperature, catalysts, and solvent systems to maximize product output while minimizing side reactions and costs. For instance, in analogous syntheses like that of Solvent Blue 35, which uses n-butylamine, the mass ratios of the amine, desiccant (anhydrous sodium sulfate), and acid catalyst relative to the anthraquinone starting material are carefully controlled. Reaction times are typically maintained for 1 to 4 hours under reflux conditions at temperatures around 80–85°C. Operating under subatmospheric pressure can also help prevent unwanted side reactions. Under such optimized conditions, yields can be exceptionally high, reaching between 95% and 97%.

A comparative analysis of different synthetic approaches for anthraquinone dyes highlights the variables that can be fine-tuned for yield optimization.

Interactive Data Table: Comparative Analysis of Synthetic Routes for Anthraquinone Dyes

ParameterRoute A: this compound via Leuco Intermediate Route B: Solvent Blue 35 (Analogous) Route C: Solvent Blue 122 (Analogous) Primary Precursors Quinizarine, Leucoquinizarine, Isopropylamine1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, Leuco-1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone, n-Butylamine1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, Leuco-1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone, p-AminoacetanilideSolvent Methanol, O-XyleneEthanolMethanolCatalyst/Additive Acetic AcidAcetic Acid, Anhydrous Sodium SulfateBoric AcidReaction Temperature Moderate temperature (reflux), then 125°CReflux (approx. 80-85°C)80°CReaction Time ~10 hours (reflux) + 5-10 hours (oxidation)1 - 4 hours8 hoursKey Process Steps Reflux condensation, Air oxidation, Vacuum distillationReflux condensation, Solvent distillation, Alkaline/Acid washingCondensation, Filtration, Alkaline/Acid washingReported Yield Not specified95-97% (optimized)~81-82%Reported Purity Not specified≥97%93%

This comparative data illustrates that while the core strategy of using a leuco-anthraquinone intermediate is common, the specific choice of amine, solvent, and catalyst system is tailored to the desired product. The synthesis of Solvent Blue 35, for example, demonstrates that precise control over reagent ratios and the use of a desiccant can lead to near-quantitative yields. The synthesis of Solvent Blue 122 shows that other catalysts like boric acid can be employed and that extensive post-synthesis purification involving both alkaline and acidic washes is necessary to achieve high purity. These examples provide a clear framework for the yield optimization of this compound, suggesting that careful control of the reaction environment—including temperature, pressure, and stoichiometry—is paramount for efficient and high-purity production.

Advanced Spectroscopic Characterization and Electronic Structure of this compound

This compound, a substituted anthraquinone, is a synthetic dye recognized for its vibrant blue color. Its molecular structure forms the basis for its distinct spectroscopic and electronic properties. This article delves into the advanced spectroscopic techniques used to characterize this compound.

Photostability Studies and Mechanisms of Photodegradation

Photodegradation, the alteration of a molecule's chemical structure by light energy, is a primary concern for colorants. The photostability of Solvent Blue 36 has been evaluated in the contexts of its primary applications: within polymer matrices and in various solvent environments.

This compound is frequently used to color a wide range of polymers, including polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Its isopropyl groups enhance its solubility and dispersion in many of these plastics. Studies indicate that this compound exhibits good light resistance when incorporated into these polymer systems.

The stability of a dye within a polymer is not solely an intrinsic property of the dye itself but is heavily influenced by the surrounding polymer matrix. The polarity and chemical nature of the polymer can affect the degradation pathways. For instance, photodegradation mechanisms can differ between polymers like polypropylene and polystyrene. The primary degradation pathways for dyes in polymer matrices often involve photo-oxidation and photoreduction. Under aerobic conditions (in the presence of oxygen), Type II photo-oxidation can be a significant degradation mechanism. Conversely, under anaerobic conditions, photoreduction may become the predominant pathway. The interaction between the dye and the polymer matrix can either stabilize the dye or, in some cases, accelerate its degradation.

To quantitatively assess photostability in these matrices, researchers prepare polymer films doped with the dye and expose them to controlled UV irradiation in a weathering chamber. The change in color is monitored over time using techniques like CIE Lab* colorimetry, while chemical changes are tracked via methods such as Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy.

Table 1: Polymer Matrices for this compound This table is interactive. Click on the headers to sort.

Polymer Name Abbreviation Common Application for Dye Polystyrene PS Coloring Plastics Polycarbonate PC Coloring Plastics Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ABS Coloring Plastics Polymethyl Methacrylate PMMA Coloring Plastics Polyethylene Terephthalate PET Coloring Plastics

The solvent environment can significantly impact the rate and mechanism of a dye's photodegradation. Studies on other dyes have shown that the photolysis rate can be a linear function of the solvent's dielectric constant, which suggests the involvement of a dipolar intermediate during the reaction. A higher polarity in the solvent can promote the degradation of this intermediate, likely by stabilizing the excited triplet states of the dye molecule and facilitating its reduction.

The degradation rates of organic compounds have been observed to vary significantly across different solvents. For example, in a study of new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), degradation rates were found to follow the order of acetone > toluene > n-hexane. This solvent effect is often attributed to the energy change associated with electron transfer between the solvent and the compound being degraded. The rate of degradation can also be inversely proportional to the viscosity of the medium, indicating the involvement of diffusion-controlled processes.

Therefore, the choice of solvent is a critical parameter in any application of this compound where it is in a liquid phase, such as in certain inks or oils. The polarity, viscosity, and electron-donating or accepting capacity of the solvent will all play a role in the dye's long-term stability when exposed to light.

To predict the long-term stability and shelf-life of a colorant, it is essential to study its degradation kinetics. Photodegradation processes are often modeled using first-order kinetics, where the rate of degradation is proportional to the concentration of the dye. The reaction can be described by the following equation:

C = C₀e⁻ᵏᵗ

Where:

C is the concentration at time t

C₀ is the initial concentration

k is the first-order degradation rate constant

The effect of temperature on the degradation rate constant (k) can be described by the Arrhenius equation. This model is crucial for accelerated aging studies, where temperature is elevated to predict stability over longer periods.

The Arrhenius equation is:

k = Ae⁻ᴱᵃ/ᴿᵀ

Where:

k is the rate constant

A is the pre-exponential factor (a constant)

Eₐ is the activation energy

R is the universal gas constant

T is the absolute temperature (in Kelvin)

By determining the activation energy (Eₐ), researchers can quantify the energy barrier that must be overcome for the degradation reaction to occur and predict how the degradation rate will change with temperature. This modeling is a key component in assessing the suitability of this compound for applications with demanding environmental conditions.

Table 2: Key Parameters in Degradation Kinetics This table is interactive. Click on the headers to sort.

Parameter Symbol Description Rate Constant k Represents the rate of the degradation reaction. Activation Energy Eₐ The minimum energy required to initiate the degradation reaction.

The photodegradation of this compound results in the formation of smaller chemical compounds known as byproducts. The identification of these byproducts is crucial for understanding the specific chemical bonds that are broken during the degradation process. For complex organic molecules like anthraquinone dyes, photodegradation can proceed through several pathways, including oxidation. In the presence of oxygen and light, photo-oxidation can generate various oxidized products.

The analysis of these byproducts is typically performed using hyphenated analytical techniques, most notably Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). This method separates the volatile degradation products and then provides mass spectra that help in identifying their molecular structures. For related anthraquinone dyes used in pyrotechnics, chlorinated side products have been identified after the reaction. The primary degradation pathway for similar aromatic compounds often involves nucleophilic reactions and the cleavage of substituent groups from the benzene ring structure. A thorough analysis of these byproducts provides a detailed map of the photodegradation mechanism.

Degradation Kinetics and Arrhenius Modeling

Thermal Stability and Decomposition Pathways

In many of its applications, particularly in coloring injection-molded plastics, this compound must withstand high temperatures, often exceeding 300°C. Its thermal stability is therefore a paramount characteristic.

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) is a fundamental technique used to determine the thermal stability of materials. The method involves measuring the change in a sample's mass as it is heated over time. A loss in mass indicates decomposition or evaporation.

To gain a comprehensive understanding of the decomposition pathways of this compound, TGA is performed under different atmospheric conditions, typically an inert atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen, N₂) and an oxidative atmosphere (air).

Under an inert (N₂) atmosphere: The TGA curve reveals the temperatures at which the molecule breaks apart in the absence of oxygen (pyrolysis). This helps to identify the inherent thermal stability of the chemical bonds within the dye's structure.

Under an oxidative (air) atmosphere: The analysis shows how the presence of oxygen affects decomposition. Oxidation typically lowers the decomposition temperature compared to an inert atmosphere, as the reaction of the material with oxygen provides an alternative, often lower-energy, degradation pathway.

For example, TGA analysis of other organic materials shows an initial weight loss at lower temperatures (around 100°C) due to the evaporation of absorbed moisture, followed by significant weight loss at higher temperatures corresponding to the structural decomposition of the material. By comparing the TGA curves from both inert and oxidative environments, researchers can elucidate the decomposition mechanisms and establish the operational temperature limits for this compound in various applications.

Table 3: Chemical Compounds and PubChem CIDs

Compound Name PubChem CID This compound Polystyrene Polycarbonate Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymethyl Methacrylate Polyethylene Terephthalate Polypropylene Acetone 180 Toluene n-Hexane Water 962 Nitrogen 947 Oxygen 977

Identification of Volatile Degradation Byproducts

The thermal decomposition of complex organic molecules like this compound (1,4-bis(isopropylamino)anthracene-9,10-dione) generates a range of smaller, more volatile compounds. The identification of these byproducts is crucial for understanding the degradation pathway and the nature of any emissions produced at elevated temperatures. Analysis is typically performed by heating the compound and analyzing the evolved gases using techniques such as Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).

While specific, comprehensive studies detailing all volatile byproducts for this compound are not extensively published, the identity of the fragments can be inferred from the molecule's structure. The degradation process involves the cleavage of chemical bonds, with the weakest bonds typically breaking first.

Key degradation byproducts arise from two main parts of the molecule: the N-alkyl side chains and the anthraquinone core.

Side-Chain Fragmentation: The isopropylamino side chains are susceptible to cleavage from the aromatic ring. This can lead to the formation of compounds such as isopropylamine and propene. Further breakdown of these fragments can occur at higher temperatures.

Anthraquinone Core Decomposition: The stable anthraquinone structure will decompose at higher temperatures. This process can lead to the formation of phthalic anhydride, a characteristic degradation product of the anthraquinone skeleton. Further fragmentation can produce simpler aromatic compounds and, ultimately, oxides of carbon (CO, CO₂).

Nitrogen-Containing Byproducts: Due to the presence of nitrogen in the amino groups, thermal decomposition, particularly in an oxidative atmosphere, is expected to produce various nitrogen oxides (NOx), such as nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). In an inert atmosphere, nitrogen may evolve as N₂ gas or form other nitrogenous compounds like nitriles.

A summary of likely volatile thermal degradation byproducts is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Potential Volatile Thermal Degradation Byproducts of this compound

Byproduct Name Molecular Formula Origin Propene C₃H₆ Fragmentation of isopropyl side chain Isopropylamine C₃H₉N Cleavage of isopropylamino side chain Phthalic Anhydride C₈H₄O₃ Breakdown of the anthraquinone core Carbon Monoxide CO Incomplete combustion of the organic structure Carbon Dioxide CO₂ Complete combustion of the organic structure

Methodologies for Resolving Discrepancies in Thermal Degradation Profiles

Discrepancies in thermal degradation data reported in the literature are common for complex organic compounds. These variations can stem from differences in instrumentation, experimental conditions, and sample purity. Establishing a consistent and reproducible thermal profile for a compound like this compound requires rigorous methodologies.

The primary tool for studying thermal stability is Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), which measures changes in a material's mass as a function of temperature. However, results can vary significantly. Methodologies to resolve these discrepancies focus on standardization and multi-faceted analytical approaches.

Key strategies include:

Standardized Operating Procedures: Adherence to international standards, such as ASTM E and ISO , provides a framework for consistent testing. This includes standardizing critical parameters like heating rate, sample mass, crucible type, and purge gas flow rate, as these all influence decomposition temperatures and kinetics.

Comparative Atmosphere Analysis: Performing TGA in different atmospheres can elucidate different degradation pathways. Running tests in an inert atmosphere (e.g., Nitrogen, N₂) reveals the inherent thermal stability, while an oxidative atmosphere (e.g., Air or Oxygen, O₂) shows susceptibility to oxidative decomposition. Comparing the resulting profiles helps to differentiate between thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation.

Coupled Analytical Techniques: Coupling TGA with other analytical methods provides more comprehensive data. TGA-GC/MS, which combines thermogravimetry with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, is particularly powerful. As the sample is heated in the TGA, the evolved volatile byproducts are directly transferred to the GC-MS for separation and identification, allowing for a precise correlation between mass loss events and the specific chemical fragments being released.

Inter-Laboratory Studies: Replicating studies across multiple laboratories (round-robin testing) is a robust method to control for variability in instrumentation and local procedures. Publishing raw data from such studies enhances reproducibility and helps establish a consensus degradation profile.

A summary of these methodologies is presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Methodologies to Improve Consistency of Thermal Degradation Data

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Methodology Purpose Relevant Techniques / Standards Standardization of Parameters Ensures comparability between different tests and labs. ASTM E, ISO ; Control of heating rate, sample mass, gas flow. Comparative Atmospheres Differentiates between thermal and thermo-oxidative stability. TGA analysis in both inert (N₂) and oxidative (Air, O₂) atmospheres. Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA) Identifies the chemical nature of degradation products at each mass loss step. TGA coupled with Mass Spectrometry (TGA-MS) or GC-MS (TGA-GC/MS).

| Inter-Laboratory Validation | Confirms the reproducibility of the data and minimizes instrument-specific bias. | Round-robin testing and collaborative studies. |

Oxidative and Reductive Degradation Mechanisms

This compound, like other anthraquinone dyes, can be degraded through both oxidative and reductive pathways. These processes involve the transfer of electrons and result in the breakdown of the chromophoric system, leading to a loss of color and the formation of smaller degradation products.

Oxidative Degradation Oxidative degradation typically occurs in the presence of strong oxidizing agents or through advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that generate highly reactive species, most notably the hydroxyl radical (•OH). These radicals are non-selective and can attack the dye molecule at multiple sites. The primary mechanisms include:

Attack on the Aromatic Ring: The •OH radical can add to the anthraquinone rings, leading to hydroxylation. This disrupts the conjugated system and can initiate ring cleavage, ultimately mineralizing the dye to CO₂ and H₂O.

Attack on the Alkylamino Group: The radicals can abstract a hydrogen atom from the N-H bond or the isopropyl group. This can lead to dealkylation (loss of the isopropyl group) and the formation of intermediates like 1-amino-4-isoproplyamino-anthraquinone and subsequently 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone.

Cleavage of the C-N Bond: Direct oxidative attack can also cleave the bond connecting the nitrogen atom to the aromatic ring.

Common oxidizing agents used to study these pathways include hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), often in combination with a catalyst (like Fe²⁺ in the Fenton reaction), and ozone (O₃).

Reductive Degradation Reductive degradation is the characteristic pathway for anthraquinone dyes under anaerobic (oxygen-free) conditions and in electrochemical processes. The core mechanism involves the reduction of the quinone system.

Formation of the Leuco Form: The defining step is a two-electron, two-proton reduction of the two carbonyl groups (C=O) on the central ring to hydroxyl groups (C-OH). This converts the colored quinone structure into its colorless (or faintly colored) hydroquinone equivalent, known as the leuco form. This disruption of the conjugated chromophore results in decolorization.

Further Degradation: While the formation of the leuco dye causes decolorization, it does not represent complete degradation. The leuco form can be re-oxidized back to the original dye in the presence of air. However, under sustained reducing conditions, further reactions can lead to the cleavage of the aromatic rings. Bacterial degradation of anthraquinone dyes often begins with an enzymatic reduction to the leuco form, followed by the breaking of the core structure under anaerobic conditions. [13 from first search]

Chemical Compounds and PubChem CIDs

Table 4: List of Mentioned Chemical Compounds and their PubChem CIDs

Compound Name PubChem CID This compound 1-Aminoanthraquinone Butanamide Butanenitrile Butylamine Carbon Dioxide 280 Carbon Monoxide 281 Isopropylamine N-isopropyl-1-aminoanthraquinone Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Dioxide Phthalic Anhydride

Applications in Biological Sciences

Solvent Blue 36, an anthraquinone dye, serves as a staining agent in biological research for microscopy. Its function is to highlight and add contrast to specific cellular components, which is particularly significant in the fields of histology and cytology where precise identification of cellular features is crucial. The dye is part of a broader category of solvent dyes used to formulate stains that can identify particular cell structures, aiding in medical diagnostics and scientific research. As a non-polar, water-insoluble dye, it is suitable for coloring lipids and other non-polar biological structures. While specific protocols detailing its use as a primary stain are not as widespread as for traditional dyes like Hematoxylin or Alcian blue, it is recognized for its utility in specialized staining applications. Its vibrant blue color can be used to differentiate tissues or cellular elements, similar to how other inert dyes are sometimes used to color decalcifying solutions to track the progress of a procedure without chemically altering the tissue itself.

Recent research has explored the potential of this compound in the development of drug delivery systems. Its inherent solubility in organic solvents and polymers makes it a suitable candidate for encapsulation within polymer matrices, such as nanoparticles, to facilitate the controlled release of therapeutic agents.

A key research application involves using the dye not just as a component of the delivery vehicle but also as a visual tracker. For instance, one study investigated the encapsulation of this compound within polystyrene nanoparticles. The findings from this research demonstrated that the inclusion of the dye could enhance the release profile of the encapsulated drug. Furthermore, its distinct color provided a method for visually tracking the nanoparticles during the experimental process. This dual functionality is valuable in research settings for both optimizing release kinetics and visualizing the distribution of the delivery system. The development of such systems often involves techniques like solvent evaporation or nanoprecipitation to create drug-and-polymer nanoparticles. The goal of these systems is to achieve sustained and targeted drug release, which can improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.

Microscopic Staining Techniques

Applications in Chemical Research

The vibrant and distinct color of this compound makes it an effective visual marker for monitoring the progress of certain chemical reactions. Researchers utilize its color to track the transformation of reactants into products in real-time. This application is especially useful in syntheses where a color change indicates the consumption of a starting material or the formation of an intermediate or final product. For example, in the manufacturing process of the dye itself, which involves the condensation of 1,4-dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione with an amine, the appearance of the brilliant blue color signifies the progression of the reaction. In broader chemical kinetics studies, a colored species like this compound can be monitored using spectroscopic methods, such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, to quantify its concentration over time and thereby determine reaction rates. The use of a solvent or a stable colored compound as an internal standard can help correct for variations in experimental conditions, allowing for more accurate quantitative monitoring.

This compound has been employed in ecological research as a biomarker for tracking the consumption of bait by wildlife. By incorporating the oil-soluble dye into bait formulations, researchers can visually identify and quantify bait uptake in animals. This is typically achieved by examining the animal's fat tissues or feces for the characteristic blue color.

For example, studies have used this dye to monitor bait consumption by rats. In one such study, this compound was easily detected in the subcutaneous, abdominal, and genital fat of rats two days after they consumed dye-laced bait. However, the study also highlighted a limitation: the dye's presence declined rapidly, being found in only half of the rats examined five days after feeding. This suggests that while effective for short-term tracking, its persistence may be insufficient for longer-term studies compared to other markers like rhodamine B or iophenoxic acid. Such research is vital for optimizing pest control strategies, assessing the potential impact of toxins on non-target species, and understanding the foraging behavior of wildlife populations.

Visual Marker in Chemical Reactions for Progress Monitoring

Applications in Material Science Research

In material science, research on this compound focuses on its properties as a colorant for various polymers and its performance under different conditions. Studies investigate its compatibility, stability, and migration characteristics within plastic matrices.

Research Findings on Polymer Compatibility and Stability:

Thermal Stability: Research has confirmed that this compound retains its color integrity at temperatures exceeding 300°C. This high thermal stability is a critical parameter for its application in high-temperature processing techniques like injection molding for plastics such as polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).

Solubility and Compatibility: The isopropyl groups in the dye's structure enhance its solubility in polymers like polystyrene and polycarbonate. Research shows it outperforms similar dyes with n-butyl groups (like Solvent Blue 35) in terms of polymer dispersion. Its solubility in various organic solvents is a key area of study for its application in inks and coatings.

Migration Resistance: A significant area of research is the study of dye migration or "leaching" from plastic products. this compound has been noted for its low migration resistance, which is an advantage in applications like food-contact plastics as it reduces the risk of the dye leaching into the contents. Migration studies are often performed under controlled conditions of time and temperature to assess the potential for chemicals to move from the plastic into their surroundings.

Data Tables

Table 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of this compound

Property Value Source(s) Chemical Formula C₂₀H₂₂N₂O₂ Molecular Weight 322.4 g/mol Melting Point 167 °C Appearance Dark Blue Powder

| λ_max | ~600–610 nm | |

Table 2: Solubility Data for this compound

Solvent Solubility (g/L) Source(s) Dichloromethane 150 Butyl Acetate 20 Acetone 15 Ethyl Alcohol 5 Water Insoluble

Table 3: Mentioned Compounds and PubChem CIDs

Compound Name PubChem CID This compound Solvent Blue 35 Polystyrene Polycarbonate Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) Hematoxylin Alcian Blue Rhodamine B Iophenoxic acid

Research on Dye-Polymer Interactions and Compatibility in Advanced Materials

This compound, an anthraquinone-based dye, is the subject of research for its effective coloration of various thermoplastic resins. Its compatibility is particularly notable in advanced materials where stability and uniform dispersion are critical. The molecular structure of this compound is key to its high solubility and compatibility with polymers such as polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC). The presence of isopropyl groups enhances its solubility in these polymer matrices, leading to better dispersion compared to analogues like Solvent Blue 35, which has n-butyl groups.

This superior compatibility ensures that the dye dissolves completely in the polymer melt during processing, resulting in a homogenous color without aggregation. This is crucial for maintaining the optical and mechanical properties of the host polymer. Research highlights its suitability for coloring a range of plastics, including polystyrene, polycarbonate, ABS, and PMMA, due to its good chemical compatibility and high solubility in organic solvents and plasticizers.

Interactive Table: Polymer Compatibility of this compound

Polymer Compatibility Reference Polystyrene (PS) Superior/Suitable Polycarbonate (PC) Superior/Suitable Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Suitable Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Suitable Unplasticized PVC (RPVC) Suitable

Coloration Mechanisms in Specific Polymer Matrices (e.g., polystyrene, polycarbonate, ABS, PMMA)

The coloration mechanism of this compound in polymer matrices is based on its classification as a solvent dye. Unlike pigment dyes, which are dispersed as solid particles, solvent dyes dissolve completely within the host material at a molecular level. This dissolution process is fundamental to achieving a transparent and brilliant blue hue in clear plastics like polystyrene, polycarbonate, and PMMA.

During the high-temperature processing of thermoplastics, such as injection molding or extrusion, this compound is introduced into the polymer melt. Its molecular structure, featuring an anthraquinone chromophore, is responsible for the vibrant color, while the alkylamino side groups ensure its solubility in the non-polar polymer environment. The dye molecules become integrated within the polymer chains, resulting in a stable, uniform coloration that does not scatter light, thus preserving the transparency of the plastic. Its effectiveness is noted in a variety of polymers, including polystyrene, polycarbonate, ABS, and PMMA, where it imparts a brilliant blue shade.

Stability and Performance in High-Temperature Processing

A critical characteristic of this compound is its exceptional thermal stability, which makes it highly suitable for the high-temperature processing conditions required for many engineering plastics. Research and technical data sheets report that the dye maintains its color and structural integrity at temperatures significant for plastic manufacturing.

Different sources report varying heat resistance thresholds, which can depend on the specific polymer matrix and processing time. For instance, in polystyrene, the heat resistance is frequently cited as 260°C. Other studies and industrial data indicate stability at even higher temperatures, with some sources claiming it retains color integrity at temperatures exceeding 300°C and can withstand up to 350°C during processes like extrusion and injection molding. This high thermal stability is essential to prevent degradation of the dye, which would otherwise lead to color changes or loss of performance in the final product. This makes this compound a reliable colorant for plastics that require high processing temperatures, such as polycarbonate and ABS.

Interactive Table: Reported Heat Resistance of this compound

Heat Resistance (°C) Polymer Matrix (if specified) Reference > 300°C Injection-molded plastics 260°C Polystyrene (PS) 280°C Not specified

Development of Specialized Ink and Coating Formulations

This compound is utilized in the formulation of specialized inks and coatings due to its excellent solubility in organic solvents and its stable, vibrant coloration. It is particularly valuable in printing inks, where it can be easily incorporated into both solvent-based and oil-based formulations. The mechanism involves the dye dissolving completely in the ink vehicle, which is then transferred to a substrate during printing.

The dye's properties contribute to the development of high-performance inks with long-lasting color. Key advantages include excellent lightfastness and weather resistance, which ensure that printed materials retain their color integrity even when exposed to environmental factors. Its compatibility with various resin systems used in inks and coatings allows for flexible and efficient manufacturing. These characteristics make it suitable for applications such as printing inks, automotive paints, and other protective coatings where color stability and durability are required.

Waste Stream Minimization and Valorization

The minimization and valorization of waste streams are central to the sustainable production of this compound. This involves not only reducing the amount of waste generated but also finding valuable applications for the waste that is produced.

Key Strategies for Waste Management:

Solvent Recovery: A significant aspect of waste minimization is the recovery and reuse of solvents. In the manufacturing process of this compound, solvents like methanol and o-xylene/garasol 150 are used. Recovered solvents can be collected, stored, and reused in subsequent batches of the same product, reducing both waste and the need for new raw materials. Technologies such as distillation are commonly employed for solvent recovery.

Waste Segregation and Handling: Proper segregation of waste is crucial for effective management. Waste streams from dye production can include used oil, discarded bags and containers, ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) sludge, process waste including solvent residue, and various chemical solutions. These are separated into categories that can be managed by local or national waste management facilities.

Valorization of Waste Products: The concept of "waste valorization," or finding valuable uses for waste materials, is gaining traction. For instance, process sludge, including iron sludge, can be sent to cement manufacturers for use in their processes. Other waste streams, like spent acids and solutions, may be collected, stored, and reused in the manufacturing of other products. Research is also exploring the use of waste-derived materials as catalysts or reaction media in chemical syntheses, which could offer future avenues for valorizing waste from dye production.

Detoxification of Dye Effluents: Anthraquinone dyes can be resistant to biodegradation. Research into methods for the effective biotransformation and detoxification of dye-containing wastewater is ongoing. This includes the use of microbial processes to break down the complex aromatic structures of these dyes into non-toxic products.

The following table details the types of waste generated in a typical synthetic organic chemical plant producing dyes like this compound and the proposed management methods.

Waste StreamCategoryQuantity (MT/Annum)Management MethodUsed Oil5.15Collection, storage, and sale to registered re-refiners.Discarded Bags & Containers33.115Decontamination and sale to certified vendors.ETP Sludge34.Collection, storage, and disposal at a TSDF (Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility).Recovered Solvent20.Collection, storage, and reuse in the next batch of the same product.Process Waste (including solvent residue)20.Collection, storage, and incineration at a common hazardous waste treatment facility.Spent H2SO428.Collection, storage, and sale to actual users.Spent HCl28.Collection, storage, and sale to actual users.NaBr Solution35.136Collection, storage, and reuse in the manufacturing of reactive dyes.Na2SO3 Solution35.136Collection, storage, and reuse in the manufacturing of reactive dyes.Process Sludge (including iron sludge)26.Collection, storage, and transport to cement manufacturers or a TSDF.

This data is based on a pre-feasibility report for a synthetic organic chemical industry and is for illustrative purposes.

Responsible Sourcing of Raw Materials

The sustainability of this compound is also dependent on the responsible sourcing of its raw materials. The primary raw materials used in the synthesis of this compound include Quinizarine, Leucoquinizarine, Mono Isopropyl Amine, and Mono Amyl Amine.

Key Aspects of Responsible Sourcing:

Supplier Audits and Partnerships: Establishing strong partnerships with suppliers who share a commitment to sustainability is crucial. This can involve audits to ensure that suppliers adhere to environmental and ethical standards.

Shift Towards Bio-based Feedstocks: The chemical industry is increasingly exploring the use of renewable, bio-based feedstocks as an alternative to petrochemical-derived raw materials. Research is underway to produce pigments and dyes from natural sources such as plants, microorganisms, and algae. This includes the use of fermentation and other biotechnological processes to synthesize colorants. While the direct application of these methods to this compound is not yet widespread, it represents a significant area for future development in the sustainable production of anthraquinone dyes.

Circular Economy Principles: The adoption of circular economy principles encourages the use of recycled and recovered materials as feedstocks. This can reduce the demand for virgin raw materials and minimize waste. For example, the chemical valorization of textile waste can yield monomers and other chemical building blocks that could potentially be used in the synthesis of new dyes.

The commitment to responsible sourcing is a key component of a sustainable business model for manufacturers of this compound. By prioritizing suppliers with strong environmental credentials and exploring innovative, bio-based and circular production methods, the industry can move towards a more sustainable future.

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Product Description

Metal complex dye are a family of dyes that contain metals coordinated to the organic portion. Many azo dyes, especially those derived from naphthols, form metal complexes by complexation of one of the azo nitrogen centers. Metal complex dyes are premetallised dyes that show great affinity towards protein fibers. In this dye one or two dye molecules are coordinated with a metal ion. The dye molecule is typically a monoazo structure containing additional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl or amino, which are capable of forming a strong co-ordination complexes with transition metal ions such as chromium, cobalt, nickel and copper.

Metal complex dyes belong to numerous application classes of dyes. For example, they are found among direct, acid, and reactive dyes. When applied in the dyeing processes, metal-complex dyes are used in pH conditions that are regulated by user class and the type of fiber type (wool, polyamide, etc). 

Features

● Excellent solubility in almost all organic solvents

● Good compatibility with most resins

● Brilliant color shades and high light fastness

● High resistance to acid, alkali and heat

● Absence from heavy metal ions

● Long shelf life

Application

Metal Complex Dyes is using for a variety of applications like wood stains, leather finishing, stationery printing inks, inks, coloring for metals, plastic etc. 

Specification

Product Name  CAS No. SOLVENT BLACK 27 -22-8 SOLVENT BLACK 28 -23-9 SOLVENT BLACK 34 -36-5 SOLVENT BLUE 70 -24-0 SOLVENT YELLOW 19 -55-2 SOLVENT YELLOW 21  -29-6 SOLVENT YELLOW 82 -67-7 SOLVENT YELLOW 79  -31-9 SOLVENT YELLOW 25 -73-1 SOLVENT  RED 109  -03-2 SOLVENT  RED 8 -70-1 SOLVENT  RED 122 -55-3 SOLVENT  RED 119 -27-3 SOLVENT  RED 132 -85-7 SOLVENT  RED 124  -74-6 SOLVENT  RED 218  -07-7 SOLVENT  RED 32 -53-7 SOLVENT  RED 49 509-34-2 SOLVENT ORANGE 45 -62-6 SOLVENT ORANGE 54 -30-8 SOLVENT ORANGE 62 -37-8 SOLVENT ORANGE 99 -29-5 SOLVENT BLUE 5  -86-6 SOLVENT BLUE 70  -24-0 SOLVENT BROWN 43 -28-7 Product detail pictures:


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